In 1996, Flash (originally known as FutureSplash) was developed. At the time, the Flash content development tool was relatively simple compared to now, using basic layout and drawing tools, a limited precursor to ActionScript, and a timeline, but it enabled web designers to go beyond the point of HTML, animated GIFs and JavaScript. However, because Flash required a plug-in, many web developers avoided using it for fear of limiting their market share due to lack of compatibility. Instead, designers reverted to gif animations (if they didn't forego using motion graphics altogether) and JavaScript for widgets. But the benefits of Flash made it popular enough among specific target markets to eventually work its way to the vast majority of browsers, and powerful enough to be used to develop entire sites.[6]
Sunday, February 14, 2016
Introduction web design
In 1996, Microsoft released its first competitive browser, which was
complete with its own features and tags. It was also the first browser
to support style sheets, which at the time was seen as an obscure
authoring technique. The HTML markup for tables
was originally intended for displaying tabular data. However designers
quickly realized the potential of using HTML tables for creating the
complex, multi-column layouts that were otherwise not possible. At this
time, as design and good aesthetics seemed to take precedence over good
mark-up structure, and little attention was paid to semantics and web accessibility.
HTML sites were limited in their design options, even more so with
earlier versions of HTML. To create complex designs, many web designers
had to use complicated table structures or even use blank spacer .GIF images to stop empty table cells from collapsing.[6] CSS was introduced in December 1996 by the W3C to support presentation and layout. This allowed HTML code to be semantic rather than both semantic and presentational, and improved web accessibility, see tableless web design.
In 1996, Flash (originally known as FutureSplash) was developed. At the time, the Flash content development tool was relatively simple compared to now, using basic layout and drawing tools, a limited precursor to ActionScript, and a timeline, but it enabled web designers to go beyond the point of HTML, animated GIFs and JavaScript. However, because Flash required a plug-in, many web developers avoided using it for fear of limiting their market share due to lack of compatibility. Instead, designers reverted to gif animations (if they didn't forego using motion graphics altogether) and JavaScript for widgets. But the benefits of Flash made it popular enough among specific target markets to eventually work its way to the vast majority of browsers, and powerful enough to be used to develop entire sites.[6]
In 1996, Flash (originally known as FutureSplash) was developed. At the time, the Flash content development tool was relatively simple compared to now, using basic layout and drawing tools, a limited precursor to ActionScript, and a timeline, but it enabled web designers to go beyond the point of HTML, animated GIFs and JavaScript. However, because Flash required a plug-in, many web developers avoided using it for fear of limiting their market share due to lack of compatibility. Instead, designers reverted to gif animations (if they didn't forego using motion graphics altogether) and JavaScript for widgets. But the benefits of Flash made it popular enough among specific target markets to eventually work its way to the vast majority of browsers, and powerful enough to be used to develop entire sites.[6]
HTMLbasic
HyperText Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup language used to create web pages. Along with CSS, and JavaScript, HTML is a cornerstone technology, used by most websites to create visually engaging web pages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.[1] Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language.
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items.
The language is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like
HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[2]
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items.
The language is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like
<html>). Browsers do not display the HTML tags and scripts, but use them to interpret the content of the page.HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[2]
know css
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language.[1] Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.[2]
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from document presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts.[3] This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content, such as semantically insignificant tables that were widely used to format pages before consistent CSS rendering was available in all major browsers. CSS makes it possible to separate presentation instructions from the HTML content in a separate file or style section of the HTML file. For each matching HTML element, it provides a list of formatting instructions. For example, a CSS rule might specify that "all heading 1 elements should be bold", leaving pure semantic HTML markup that asserts "this text is a level 1 heading" without formatting code such as a
This separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used to display the web page differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. Although the author of a web page typically links to a CSS file within the markup file, readers can specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified. If the author or the reader did not link the document to a style sheet, the default style of the browser will be applied. Another advantage of CSS is that aesthetic changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in one file, rather than by a laborious (and thus expensive) process of crawling over every document line by line, changing markup.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from document presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts.[3] This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content, such as semantically insignificant tables that were widely used to format pages before consistent CSS rendering was available in all major browsers. CSS makes it possible to separate presentation instructions from the HTML content in a separate file or style section of the HTML file. For each matching HTML element, it provides a list of formatting instructions. For example, a CSS rule might specify that "all heading 1 elements should be bold", leaving pure semantic HTML markup that asserts "this text is a level 1 heading" without formatting code such as a
<bold> tag indicating how such text should be displayed.This separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be used to display the web page differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being viewed. Although the author of a web page typically links to a CSS file within the markup file, readers can specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified. If the author or the reader did not link the document to a style sheet, the default style of the browser will be applied. Another advantage of CSS is that aesthetic changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in one file, rather than by a laborious (and thus expensive) process of crawling over every document line by line, changing markup.
what is java script
JavaScript is a scripting language designed primarily for adding interactivity to Web pages
and creating Web applications. The language was first implemented by Netscape Communications Corp.
in Netscape Navigator 2 beta (1995).
JavaScript is different from the Java language (developed in the 1990s at Sun Microsystems).
However, the two languages can interoperate well.
Client-side JavaScript programs, or scripts, can be embedded directly in HTML source of Web pages.
(Note: There is also server-side JavaScript, but it's beyond the scope
of this FAQ collection.)
Depending on the Web developer's intent, script code may run when the user
opens the Web page, clicks or drags some page element with the mouse,
types something on the keyboard, submits a form, or leaves the page.
JavaScript is an object-oriented language with prototypal inheritance. The language supports several built-in objects, and programmers can create or delete their own objects. Prototypal inheritance makes JavaScript very different from other popular programming languages such as C++, C#, or Java featuring classes and classical inheritance. JavaScript does not have classes in the C++ or Java sense. In JavaScript, objects can inherit properties directly from each other, forming the object prototype chain.
JavaScript is an interpreted language, with optional JIT-compilation support. In older implementations (e.g. Internet Exlorer 8 and earlier, Firefox prior to 3.5), JavaScript was a purely interpreted language. This means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation, i.e. without conversion of the script text into system-dependent machine code. The user's browser interprets the script, that is, analyzes and immediately executes it. In modern implementations, JavaScript code may be either interpreted or compiled using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. At run time, the browser decides whether (parts of) script code should be JIT-compiled for better performance. This makes JavaScript significantly faster and therefore more suitable for complex performance-demanding Web applications. Recent versions of all popular
JavaScript is an object-oriented language with prototypal inheritance. The language supports several built-in objects, and programmers can create or delete their own objects. Prototypal inheritance makes JavaScript very different from other popular programming languages such as C++, C#, or Java featuring classes and classical inheritance. JavaScript does not have classes in the C++ or Java sense. In JavaScript, objects can inherit properties directly from each other, forming the object prototype chain.
JavaScript is an interpreted language, with optional JIT-compilation support. In older implementations (e.g. Internet Exlorer 8 and earlier, Firefox prior to 3.5), JavaScript was a purely interpreted language. This means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation, i.e. without conversion of the script text into system-dependent machine code. The user's browser interprets the script, that is, analyzes and immediately executes it. In modern implementations, JavaScript code may be either interpreted or compiled using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. At run time, the browser decides whether (parts of) script code should be JIT-compiled for better performance. This makes JavaScript significantly faster and therefore more suitable for complex performance-demanding Web applications. Recent versions of all popular
php system
- Server-side scripting. This is the most traditional and main target field for PHP. You need three things to make this work. The PHP parser (CGI or server module), a web server and a web browser. You need to run the web server, with a connected PHP installation. You can access the PHP program output with a web browser, viewing the PHP page through the server. All these can run on your home machine if you are just experimenting with PHP programming. See the installation instructions section for more information.
- Command line scripting. You can make a PHP script to run it without any server or browser. You only need the PHP parser to use it this way. This type of usage is ideal for scripts regularly executed using cron (on *nix or Linux) or Task Scheduler (on Windows). These scripts can also be used for simple text processing tasks. See the section about Command line usage of PHP for more information.
- Writing desktop applications. PHP is probably not the very best language to create a desktop application with a graphical user interface, but if you know PHP very well, and would like to use some advanced PHP features in your client-side applications you can also use PHP-GTK to write such programs. You also have the ability to write cross-platform applications this way. PHP-GTK is an extension to PHP, not available in the main distribution. If you are interested in PHP-GTK..
PHP can be used on all major operating systems, including
Linux, many Unix variants (including HP-UX, Solaris and OpenBSD),
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, RISC OS, and probably others.
PHP has also support for most of the web servers today. This
includes Apache, IIS, and many others. And this includes any
web server that can utilize the FastCGI PHP binary, like lighttpd
and nginx. PHP works as either a module, or as a CGI processor.
So with PHP, you have the freedom of choosing an operating
system and a web server. Furthermore, you also have the choice
of using procedural programming or object oriented
programming (OOP), or a mixture of them both.
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. PHP's abilities
includes outputting images, PDF files and even Flash movies
(using libswf and Ming) generated on the fly. You can also
output easily any text, such as XHTML and any other XML file.
PHP can autogenerate these files, and save them in the file
system, instead of printing it out, forming a server-side
cache for your dynamic content.
One of the strongest and most significant features in PHP is its
support for a wide range of databases.
Writing a database-enabled web page is incredibly simple using one of
the database specific extensions (e.g., for mysql),
or using an abstraction layer like PDO, or connect
to any database supporting the Open Database Connection standard via the
ODBC extension. Other databases may utilize
cURL or sockets,
like CouchDB.
PHP also has support for talking to other services using protocols
such as LDAP, IMAP, SNMP, NNTP, POP3, HTTP, COM (on Windows) and
countless others. You can also open raw network sockets and
interact using any other protocol. PHP has support for the WDDX
complex data exchange between virtually all Web programming
languages. Talking about interconnection, PHP has support for
instantiation of Java objects and using them transparently
as PHP objects.
PHP has useful text processing features,
which includes the Perl compatible regular expressions (PCRE),
and many extensions and tools to parse and access XML documents.
PHP standardizes all of the XML extensions on the solid base of libxml2,
and extends the feature set adding SimpleXML,
XMLReader and XMLWriter support.
And many other interesting extensions exist, which are categorized both
alphabetically and by category.
And there are additional PECL extensions that may or may not be documented
within the PHP manual itself, like » XDebug.
As you can see this page is not enough to list all
the features and benefits PHP can offer. Read on in
the sections about installing
PHP, and see the function
reference part for explanation of the extensions
mentioned here.
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